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A vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the vitreous humor, the clear gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. This procedure is performed to treat various eye conditions that affect the vitreous and retina, such as retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, macular holes, epiretinal membranes, diabetic retinopathy, and severe eye infections or injuries. During a vitrectomy, small incisions are made in the sclera (the white part of the eye), and fine instruments are used to remove the vitreous gel and any scar tissue or blood. The vitreous is then replaced with a saline solution, gas bubble, or silicone oil to help maintain the eye's shape and position the retina. The causes for undergoing a vitrectomy are usually due to conditions that impair vision or threaten the structural integrity of the retina and the overall function of the eye. While vitrectomy can significantly improve vision and prevent further damage, it carries potential complications. These include infection, bleeding, increased intraocular pressure, cataract formation, retinal detachment, and the risk of recurrent problems necessitating additional surgery. In some cases, patients may experience temporary or permanent changes in vision, such as blurriness or distorted vision. The success of a vitrectomy largely depends on the specific condition being treated and the patient's overall eye health. Post-operative care is crucial, including positioning guidelines if a gas bubble is used, to ensure proper healing and the best possible outcome. Regular follow-up with an ophthalmologist is necessary to monitor recovery and manage any complications.